Computational screening for investigating the synergistic regulatory potential of drugs and phytochemicals in combination with 2-deoxy-D-glucose against SARS-CoV-2.

COVID-19 disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Since then, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has impacted millions of lives worldwide. Various preclinical and clinical trials on the treatment of COVID-19 disease have revealed that the drugs that work in combination are more likely to reduce reinfection and multi-organ failure. Considering the combination drug therapy, herein, we performed a systematic computational study starting with the formation of sixty-two combinations of drugs and phytochemicals with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). The top nineteen combinations resulting from Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) analysis were selected for individual and multiple-ligand-simultaneous docking (MLSD) study with a host target Serine Protease (TMPRSS2; PDB ID: 7MEQ) and two viral targets, Main Protease (3CLpro; PDB ID: 6LU7) and Uridylate-Specific Endoribonuclease (NSP15; PDB ID: 6VWW). We found that the resulting drugs and phytochemicals in combination with 2-DG shows better binding than the individual compounds. We performed the re-docking of the top three drug combinations by utilizing the polypharmacology approach to validate the binding patterns of drug combinations with multiple targets for verifying the best drug combinatorial output obtained by blind docking. A strong binding affinity pattern was observed for 2-DG + Ruxolitinib (NIH-recommended drug), 2-DG + Telmisartan (phase 4 clinical trial drug), and 2-DG + Punicalagin (phytochemical) for all the selected targets. Additionally, we conducted multiple-ligand-simultaneous molecular dynamics (MLS-MD) simulations on the selected targets with the 2-DG + Ruxolitinib combination. The MLS-MD analysis of the drug combinations shows that stabilization of the interaction complexes could have significant inhibition potential against SARS CoV-2. This study provides an insight into developing drug combinations utilizing integrated computational approaches to uncover their potential in synergistic drug therapy. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11224-022-02049-0.

The dual role of phytochemicals on SARS-CoV-2 inhibition by targeting host and viral proteins.

BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome-2019 has affected more than 190 million people around the world and caused severe crises throughout the globe. Due to rapid mutation in the viral genome, its became important to simultaneously improvise the host immunity while targeting viral proteins to reduce the severity of infection. AIM: The current computational work focuses on multi-level rigorous screening of 47 medicinal plant-based phytochemicals for discovering effective phytochemical inhibitors against the host and viral targets. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: A total of 586 phytochemicals were analyzed in detail based on their drug-likeness, pharmacological properties, and structure-based activity against the viral proteins (Spike glycoprotein, Papain-like protease, and Main protease) and host proteins (ACE2, Importin-subunit α-5, and ß-1). Phytochemicals showing higher binding affinity with the dual capacity to target both the categories of proteins were further analyzed by profiling of their chemical reactivity using Density-Functional Theory (DFT) based quantum chemical methods. Finally, detailed molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the interactions of the complexes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results revealed that the selected phytochemicals from Andrographis paniculata, Aconitum heterophyllum, Costus speciosus and Inula racemosa may have the capacity to act with prominent affinity towards the host and viral proteins. Therefore, the combination of active phytochemicals of these plants may prove to be more beneficial and can be used for developing the potential phytotherapeutic intervention.

Analogue discovery of safer alternatives to HCQ and CQ drugs for SAR-CoV-2 by computational design.

COVID-19 outbreak poses a severe health emergency to the global community. Due to availability of limited data, the selection of an effective treatment is a challenge. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a chloroquine (CQ) derivative administered for malaria and autoimmune diseases, has been shown to be effective against both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and SARS-CoV-2. Apart from the known adverse effects of these drugs, recently the use of CQ and HCQ as a potential treatment for COVID-19 is under flux globally. In this study, we focused on identifying a more potent analogue of HCQ and CQ against the spike protein of SAR-CoV-2 that can act as an effective antiviral agent for COVID-19 treatment. Systematic pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, basicity predictions, virtual screening and molecular dynamics analysis (200 ns) were carried out to predict the inhibition potential of the analogous compounds on the spike protein. This work identifies the six potential analogues, out of which two compounds, namely 1-[1-(6-Chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperidin-4-yl]piperidin-3-ol and (1R,2R)-2-N-(7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine interact with the active site of the spike protein similar to HCQ and CQ respectively with augmented safety profile.